Konjac [Amorphophallus konjac]

"Devil's tongue" redirects here. For other uses, see Devil's tongue (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with cognac or Konyak (disambiguation).

Konjac (or konjak, English: /ˈkɒnjæk, ˈkɒndʒæk/ KON-yak, KON-jak) is a common name of the East and Southeast Asian plant Amorphophallus konjac (syn. A. rivieri), which has an edible corm (bulbo-tuber). It is also known as konjaku, konnyaku potato, devil's tongue, voodoo lily, snake palm, or elephant yam (though this name is also used for A. paeoniifolius).

It is native to Yunnan in China and cultivated in warm subtropical to tropical East and Southeast Asia, from China and Japan south to Indonesia and Vietnam (USDA hardiness zone 6–11). It is a perennial plant, growing from a large corm up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. The single leaf is up to 1.3 m (4 ft) across, bipinnate, and divided into numerous leaflets.^[2] The flowers are produced on a spathe enclosed by a dark purple spadix up to 55 cm (22 in) long.

The food made from the corm of this plant is widely known in English by its Japanese name, konnyaku (yam cake), being cooked and consumed primarily in China, Japan and Korea. The two basic types of cake are white and black. Noodles made from konnyaku are called shirataki. The corm of the konjac is often colloquially referred to as a yam, though it is not related to tubers of the family Dioscoreaceae.

History

Wild forms grow naturally in China and Southeast Asia.^[3] Konjac has been used in Japan since the 6th century, supposedly as a medicinal food.^[4] 

Cultivation and use

Konjac is grown in East and Southeast Asia and it is prized for its large starchy corms, used to create a flour and jelly of the same name. It is also used as a vegan substitute for gelatin.

In Japan, over 90% of all domestically produced konjac is made in Gunma Prefecture.^[5]

East Asia

In Japanese cuisine, konjac (konnyaku) appears in dishes such as oden. It is typically mottled grey and firmer in consistency than most gelatins. It has very little flavor; the common variety tastes vaguely like salt, usually with a slightly oceanic taste and smell (from the seaweed powder added to it, though some forms omit the seaweed). It is valued more for its texture than flavor.

Ito konnyaku (糸蒟蒻) is a Japanese food consisting of konjac cut into noodle-like strips. It is usually sold in plastic bags with accompanying water. It is often used in sukiyaki and oden. The name literally means 'thread-konjac'.

Japanese konnyaku is made by mixing konjac flour with water and limewater.^[6] Hijiki is often added for the characteristic dark color and flavor. Without additives for color, konjac is white. It is then boiled and cooled to solidify. Konjac made in noodle form is called shirataki and used in foods such as sukiyaki and gyūdon.

Konjac is consumed in parts of China's Sichuan province; the corm is called moyu (Chinese: 魔芋; lit. 'demonic taro'), and the jelly is called "konjac tofu" (魔芋豆腐 móyù dòufu) or "snow konjac" (雪魔芋 xuě móyù).

In Vietnam, konjac is mainly grown in An Giang province. The corms are collected and processed into flour. The flour is used to make drinks, cakes, and noodles. ^[7]

Read More

Galangal : Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects

 Galangal root is a spice native to Southern Asia. It’s closely related to ginger and turmeric and has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for centuries .

The word galangal refers to the root of several plants of the Zingiberaceae family. Lesser galangal, or Alpinia officinarum, is most commonly used. Similarly to ginger and turmeric, galangal can be eaten fresh or cooked and is a popular addition to many Chinese, Indonesian, Malaysian, and Thai dishes.

This spice is also used to improve certain ailments, as it’s believed to help treat infections, reduce inflammation, boost male fertility, and even fight different types of cancer.

This article reviews the benefits and safety of galangal root and compares it with ginger and turmeric.

Potential benefits

Galangal root has been employed in traditional medicine as a remedy for various ailments, and an increasing number of scientific studies support these uses.

Rich in antioxidants

Galangal root is a rich source of antioxidants, which are beneficial plant compounds that help fight disease and protect your cells from damaging free radicals. It’s especially rich in polyphenols, a group of antioxidants linked to health benefits, such as improved memory and lower blood sugar and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels. Polyphenols are also thought to protect against mental decline, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Both ginger and turmeric — two close relatives of galangal root — are also rich in polyphenols and have been linked to these benefits.

However, no studies have directly linked galangal root to these effects, so more research is needed before strong conclusions can be made.

May protect against certain cancers

Galangal root may help protect your body against certain types of cancer. Test-tube studies suggest that the active compound in galangal root, known as galangin, may kill cancer cells or prevent them from spreading. More specifically, one study highlighted the spice’s ability to kill two strains of human colon cancer cells. Other studies suggest it may fight breast, bile duct, skin, and liver cancer cells. That said, test-tube findings do not necessarily apply to humans. While study results have been promising, more research in humans is needed.

May boost male fertility

Emerging evidence suggests that galangal root may boost male fertility. In one animal study, sperm count and motility increased in rats given galangal root extract. Additionally, in a 3-month study in 66 men with low sperm quality, taking a daily supplement containing galangal root and pomegranate fruit extract experienced a 62% increase in sperm motility, compared with a 20% increase in those in the placebo group. Although this finding is interesting, it’s unclear whether the effect was due to galangal root or pomegranate fruit extract. More human research is needed to determine galangal root’s effects on male fertility.

May fight inflammation and pain

Galangal root may reduce disease-causing inflammation, as it contains HMP, a naturally occurring phytochemical that test-tube and animal studies have suggested boasts potent anti-inflammatory properties. In fact, plants of the Zingiberaceae family, including galangal, appear to mildly reduce pain, a common symptom of inflammation. For instance, in one 6-week study in 261 people with osteoarthritis of the knee, 63% of those who took a ginger and galangal extract daily reported a reduction in knee pain when standing, compared with 50% of those taking a placebo. However, more studies on the pain-reducing effects of galangal root specifically are needed before strong conclusions can be made.

May protect against infections

Essential oils extracted from galangal root may fight a range of microorganisms. As such, galangal root may prolong the shelf life of certain foods. Also, adding fresh galangal root to your recipes may reduce your risk of vibriosis, an infection caused by eating undercooked shellfish. Furthermore, test-tube studies suggest that galangal root may kill harmful bacteria, including E. coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Salmonella Typhi, although its effectiveness appears to vary between studies.

Finally, some research suggests that galangal root may protect against fungi, yeasts, and parasites. However, not all studies agree.

How does it compare with ginger and turmeric?

Galangal is closely related to ginger and turmeric, and all three roots can be used fresh or dried to add flavor to your dishes. Ginger offers a fresh, sweet-yet-spicy taste, while galangal’s flavor is sharper, spicier, and slightly more peppery. Turmeric has the most pungent and bitter flavor of the three.

Research links all three spices to similar health benefits. Like galangal root, ginger and turmeric are rich in antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce joint stiffness and pain.

What’s more, all three spices contain compounds that may prevent or combat different forms of cancer. Nevertheless, galangal root is the only one of the three that has been shown to potentially boost male fertility. Conversely, ginger’s anti-nausea and stomach-emptying abilities have yet to be matched by either galangal root or turmeric.

Ginger and turmeric have been linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, the prevention of memory loss, and protection against age-related losses in brain. Due to their similarities, galangal root may offer comparable benefits.

Precautions and side effects

Galangal root has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and is likely safe when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods. That said, there’s limited information regarding a safe dosage or the potential side effects of consuming it in larger amounts, such as those found in supplements. One animal study observed that doses of 909 mg per pound (2,000 mg per kg) of body weight resulted in serious side effects, including a drop in energy levels, lack of appetite, excessive urination, diarrhea, coma, and even death. These side effects were absent at significantly smaller dosages of 136 mg per pound (300 mg per kg) of body weight. Nonetheless, information about the safety and potential side effects of galangal root supplements in humans is lacking.

The bottom line

Galangal root is a spice closely related to ginger and turmeric and a popularly employed remedy in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine. It can add flavor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds to your dishes and may provide a slew of health benefits. These include boosting male fertility and protecting you from infections and potentially even certain forms of cancer. Although you’ll likely need to visit an Asian or specialty market to get your hands on fresh galangal root, dried slices and ground powder are widely available, including online.

All in all, this spice is well worth adding to your recipes.

Source : Here

Read More

Rattan : Description and Uses

 

Rattan, also spelled ratan, is the name for roughly 600 species of Old World climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae. The greatest diversity of rattan palm species and genera are in the closed-canopy old-growth tropical forests of Southeast Asia, though they can also be found in other parts of tropical Asia and Africa. Most rattan palms are ecologically considered lianas due to their climbing habits, unlike other palm species. A few species also have tree-like or shrub-like habits.

Around 20% of rattan palm species are economically important and are traditionally used in Southeast Asia in producing wickerwork furniture, baskets, canes, woven mats, cordage, and other handicrafts. Rattan canes are one of the world's most valuable non-timber forest products. Some species of rattan also have edible scaly fruit and heart of palm. Despite increasing attempts in the last 30 years at commercial cultivation, almost all rattan products still come from wild-harvested plants. Rattan supplies are now rapidly threatened due to deforestation and overexploitation. Rattan were also historically known as Malacca cane or Manila cane, based on their trade origins, as well as numerous other trade names for individual species.

Close-up of the edible scaly fruits and the spiny stem of Calamus rotang in Thailand

Most rattan palms are classified ecologically as lianas, because most mature rattan palms have a vine-like habit, scrambling through and over other vegetation. But they differ from true woody lianas in several ways. Because rattans are palms, they do not branch and they rarely develop new root structures upon contact of the stem with soil. They are also monocots and thus do not exhibit secondary growth. This means, the diameter of the rattan stem is always constant. The width of juvenile rattan palms is the same as adult palms, usually around 2–5 centimetres (3⁄4–2 inches) in diameter, with long internodes between the leaves. This also means juvenile rattan palms are rigid enough to remain free-standing, unlike true lianas which always need structural support, even when young. Many rattans also have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores. The spines also give rattans the ability to climb wide-diameter trees, unlike other vines which use tendrils or twining which can only climb narrower supports. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long.

Base of a clustering rattan palm in Sulawesi, Indonesia

A few species of rattans are non-climbing. These range from free-standing tree-like species (like Retispatha dumetosa) to acaulescent shrub-like species with short subterranean stems (like Calamus pygmaeus).

Rattans can also be solitary (single-stemmed), clustering (clump-forming), or both. Solitary rattan species grow into a single stem. Clustering rattan, on the other hand, develop clumps of up to 50 stems via suckers, similar to bamboo and bananas. These clusters can produce new stems continually as individual stems die. The impact of harvesting is much greater in solitary species, since the whole plant dies when harvested. An example of a commercially important single-stemmed species is Calamus manan. Clustering species, on the other hand, have more potential to become sustainable if the rate of harvesting does not exceed the rate of stem replacement via vegetative reproduction.

Rattans also display two types of flowering: hapaxanthy and pleonanthy. All the species of the genera Korthalsia, Laccosperma, Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis, and Myrialepis are hapaxanthic; as well as a few species of Daemonorops. This means they only flower and fruit once then die. All other rattan species are pleonanthic, being able to flower and fruit continually. Most commercially harvested species are pleonanthic, because hapaxanthic rattans tend to have soft piths making them unsuitable for bending. Source : Here

Characteristics of Rattan Wood in Indonesia

There are about 50 types of rattan which are commercial, while about 250 species are still researched. Indonesia is the largest rattan producing country in the world. As an export commodity, rattan from Indonesia fills about 80% of the world’s raw material needs. This means that rattan has a very high economic value in international trade.Indonesia has more than 300 types of rattan, but only about 51 species are known to the world and are commercial. Many people think that rattan is the same as bamboo, even though these two plants have their own unique characteristics. Here are the characteristics of rattan plants in Indonesia so you can distinguish them from bamboo.

How to Grow

Rattan is a plant that grows by spreading or vine from the inside to the ground. The stems of rattan plant that appeared on the ground began to wrap around the surrounding trees. How to grow rattan is certainly different from bamboo which is not a vine.

Rods

Rattan rods are slender with a diameter of 2-5 cm, have many long segments and not hollow. It has no cavities which causes rattan not to break easily like bamboo sticks. Rattan rods can up to hundreds of meters length and can release water when you cut it. Rattan rods are protected by long, sharp, and hard spines. In addition to functioning as a means of self-protection, these thorns are useful when rattan climbs into the surrounding trees. Meanwhile, bamboo is protected by soft hairy midrib that itch and will fall out when this plant is sturdy and old.

Source : Here

5 Rattan Crafts Areas in Indonesia

Many areas in Indonesia are known as artisan areas. The handicrafts produced are also varied, ranging from pottery to making puppets. Many of these crafts are exported abroad or sold domestically. One type of craft that is well known by the public at home and abroad is rattan craft.

Rattan crafts use rattan plants (vines from the Palmae family) as the main material. This type of plant is commonly found in Indonesia forests. Initially, the rattan plant was only used as rope material. However, now rattan is used to make various handicrafts and furniture. There are many areas in Indonesia that part of rattan craftsman area. Which area is it?

Cirebon

Cirebon, West Java is one of the centers of rattan industry in Indonesia. It is estimated that there are more than 900 business units of rattan craftsmen in Cirebon City. Rattan handicrafts that often produced in Cirebon are furniture. Many of these handicrafts are sold domestically and exported abroad. One of the villages in Cirebon which is known for its rattan crafts is Tegalwangi Village, Weru, Cirebon, West Java.

Jepara

Jepara, Central Java, is not only known for its worldwide carving crafts. Jepara is also known for its rattan crafts. Even Jepara is included in one of the largest rattan craft centers in Indonesia. Telukwetan Village, Welahan, Jepara is one of the centers for rattan craftsmen in Indonesia. The rattan furniture, such as chairs or sofas, souvenirs and so on.

Sukoharjo

Trangsan Village, Gatak, Sukoharjo, Central Java is one of the villages of rattan furniture exporters in Indonesia. The handicrafts are furniture made from rattan. Usually these crafts are exported to various major countries, such as the United States, Europe, Australia, South Korea and other countries. In addition to making furniture, many people of Trangsan Village also produce baby swings, fruit baskets, room dividers, waste baskets, and others.

Central Kalimantan

Katingan, Central Kalimantan is one of the largest rattan-producing centers in Indonesia. Rattan handicrafts from Katingan are almost the same as other areas. The difference lies in the Katingan rattan craft motif which is took Dayak elements. Rattan handicrafts from Katingan for example tables, bags, baskets, chairs, room dividers, and others. This craft is also widely sent to various regions in Indonesia and exported to foreign countries.

Yogyakarta

Wukirsari Village, Bantul, Yogyakarta is also known as an area for rattan craftsmen in Indonesia. Rattan handicrafts in Wukirsari Village are more focused on handmade products such as bags, souvenirs,baskets and others. Many of these rattan handicrafts are sent to various regions in Indonesia and exported abroad, such as Japan, Iraq and Iran.

Source : Here

Read More

8 Benefits of Nutmeg

 Nutmeg is a popular spice made from the seeds of Myristica fragrans, a tropical evergreen tree native to Indonesia. It can be found in whole-seed form but is most often sold as a ground spice. It has a warm, slightly nutty flavor and is often used in desserts and curries, as well as drinks like mulled wine and chai tea. Although it’s more commonly used for its flavor than its health benefits, nutmeg contains an impressive array of powerful compounds that may help prevent disease and promote your overall health.

This article reviews 8 science-backed health benefits of nutmeg.

1. Contains Powerful Antioxidants

Though small in size, the seeds from which nutmeg is derived are rich in plant compounds that act as antioxidants in your body. Antioxidants are compounds that protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals. These are molecules that have an unpaired electron, which makes them unstable and reactive. When free radical levels become too high in your body, oxidative stress occurs. It’s associated with the onset and progression of many chronic conditions, such as certain cancers and heart and neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage and keeping your free radical levels in check. Nutmeg contains an abundance of antioxidants, including plant pigments like cyanidins, essential oils, such as phenylpropanoids and terpenes, and phenolic compounds, including protocatechuic, ferulic, and caffeic acids.

One animal study showed that consuming nutmeg extract prevented cellular damage in rats treated with isoproterenol, a medication known to induce severe oxidative stress. Rats that did not receive the nutmeg extract experienced significant tissue damage and cell death as a result of the treatment. In contrast, rats that received nutmeg extract did not experience these effects.Test-tube studies have also shown that nutmeg extract exhibits powerful antioxidant effects against free radicals.

2. Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Chronic inflammation is linked to many adverse health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. Nutmeg is rich in anti-inflammatory compounds called monoterpenes, including sabinene, terpineol, and pinene. These may help reduce inflammation in your body and benefit those with inflammatory conditions.

What’s more, the wide array of antioxidants found in the spice, such as cyanidins and phenolic compounds, also have powerful anti-inflammatory properties. One study injected rats with an inflammation-producing solution and then gave some of them nutmeg oil. Rats that consumed the oil experienced significant reductions in inflammation, inflammation-related pain, and joint swelling.Nutmeg is thought to reduce inflammation by inhibiting enzymes that promote it. However, more studies are needed to investigate its anti-inflammatory effects in humans.

3. May Boost Libido

Some animal studies show that nutmeg may enhance sex drive and performance. In one study, male rats that were given high doses of nutmeg extract (227 mg per pound or 500 mg per kg of body weight) experienced significant increases in sexual activity and sexual performance time compared to a control group. A similar study showed that giving male mice this same high dose of nutmeg extract significantly increased their sexual activity compared to a control group. Researchers still aren’t sure exactly how the spice enhances libido. Some surmise these effects are due to its ability to stimulate the nervous system, along with its high content of powerful plant compounds. In traditional medicine, such as the Unani system of medicine used in South Asia, nutmeg is used to treat sexual disorders. However, research on its effects on sexual health in humans is lacking.

4. Has Antibacterial Properties

Nutmeg has been shown to have antibacterial effects against potentially harmful strains of bacteria. Bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can cause dental cavities and gum disease. A test-tube study found that nutmeg extract demonstrated powerful antibacterial effects against these and other bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. These bacteria are known to cause cavities and gum inflammation. Nutmeg has also been found to inhibit the growth of harmful strains of E. coli bacteria, such as O157, which can cause severe illness and even death in humans. While it’s clear that nutmeg has antibacterial properties, more human studies are needed to determine whether it can treat bacterial infections or prevent bacteria-related oral health issues in humans. Test-tube studies show that nutmeg has antibacterial effects against potentially harmful bacteria, including E. coli and Streptococcus mutans.

Although research is limited, studies suggest that nutmeg may have the following effects:

5. May Benefit Heart Health

Animal studies show that taking high-dose nutmeg supplements reduced heart disease risk factors, such as high cholesterol and high triglyceride levels, though human research is lacking.

6. Could Boost Mood

Rodent studies have found that nutmeg extract induced significant antidepressant effects in both mice and rats. Studies are needed to determine if nutmeg extract has the same effect in humans.

7. May Improve Blood Sugar Control

A study in rats showed that treatment with high-dose nutmeg extract significantly reduced blood sugar levels and enhanced pancreatic function.

However, these health effects have only been tested in animals using high doses of nutmeg extract. Human studies are needed to determine whether high-dose supplements of the spice are safe and effective in humans.

8. Is Versatile and Delicious

This popular spice has a variety of uses in the kitchen. You can use it alone or pair it with other spices, such as cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves. It has a warm, sweet flavor, which is why it’s commonly added to desserts, including pies, cakes, cookies, breads, fruit salads, and custards. It also works well in savory, meat-based dishes, such as pork chops and lamb curry. Nutmeg can be sprinkled onto starchy vegetables like sweet potatoes, butternut squash, and pumpkin to create a deep, interesting flavor. What’s more, you can add it to warm or cold beverages, including apple cider, hot chocolate, chai tea, turmeric lattes, and smoothies.

If you’re using whole nutmeg, grate it with a microplane or grater with smaller holes. Freshly grated nutmeg is delicious on fresh fruit, oatmeal, or yogurt.

Precautions

Though nutmeg is unlikely to cause harm when consumed in small quantities, taking it in high doses may cause adverse side effects.

It contains the compounds myristicin and safrole. When ingested in large amounts, they can cause symptoms like hallucinations and loss of muscle coordination.

Interestingly, nutmeg is sometimes taken recreationally to induce hallucinations and cause a “high” feeling. It’s often mixed with other hallucinogenic drugs, which increases the risk of dangerous side effects. In fact, between 2001 and 2011, 32 cases of nutmeg toxicity were reported in the U.S. state of Illinois alone. A whopping 47% of these cases were related to deliberate ingestion by those using nutmeg for its psychoactive effects. Myristicin, the main component of the essential oil found in nutmeg that has powerful psychoactive properties, is thought to be responsible for these toxic effects. Cases of nutmeg intoxication have been reported in people who have ingested 5 grams of nutmeg, which corresponds to about 0.5–0.9 mg of myristicin per pound (1–2 mg per kg) of body weight.

Nutmeg toxicity can cause serious symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, nausea, disorientation, vomiting, and agitation. It may even lead to death when combined with other drugs. Additionally, studies in mice and rats have shown that taking high doses of nutmeg supplements long term leads to organ damage. However, it’s unclear if humans would also experience these effects . It’s important to note that the toxic effects of this spice are linked to the ingestion of large amounts of nutmeg — not the small amounts typically used in the kitchen.

To avoid these potentially harmful side effects, avoid consuming large amounts of nutmeg and do not use it as a recreational drug.

The Bottom Line

Nutmeg is a spice found in many kitchens worldwide. Its warm, nutty flavor pairs well with many foods, making it a popular ingredient in sweet and savory dishes alike.

Aside from its many culinary uses, nutmeg contains powerful anti-inflammatory plant compounds that act as antioxidants. These may improve mood, blood sugar control, and heart health, though more research is needed on these effects in humans.

Be careful to enjoy this warming spice in small amounts, as large doses can cause serious side effects

Source : Here

Read More

6 Benefits of Vanilla Extract and Vanilla Beans

 Vanilla is among the most popular flavoring agents in the world. It’s favored for its pleasing taste and calming aroma.

Vanilla is extracted from the mature pods of certain orchids, commonly the Vanilla planifolia. Currently, Madagascar produces around 75% of the world’s vanilla. It’s also produced in China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Mexico. Vanilla extract and vanilla beans are used in food, perfumes, and pharmaceutical products. It’s among the top three most expensive spices in the world, alongside saffron and cardamom. In addition to its versatility and importance in the culinary world, vanilla extract and beans may benefit your health. However, research is limited, and most studies focus on its specific compounds.

This article lists 6 potential benefits of vanilla extract and vanilla beans.

1. Rich in Vanillin

Vanillin is a phenolic plant compound found in vanilla extract and beans. It’s the most researched component of vanilla. Synthetic vanillin is also produced in labs in China, France, and the United States Vanillin can also be derived from other foods like rice bran oil and clove oil.

Research shows that vanillin has several benefits properties, including:

 - Antioxidant : Vanillin is known to have powerful antioxidant properties, though these effects have only been studied in test tubes and animals.

- Anticancer : Some evidence suggests that vanillin may have anticancer properties, though research is limited to cell and animal studies.

- Anti-inflammatory : Vanillin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in animal and test-tube studies.

- Neuroprotective :  According to some rodent studies, vanillin may benefit brain health and protect against neurodegenerative diseases

While these findings are promising, it’s unclear how vanillin affects human health. Plus, studies investigating these potential health benefits have used concentrated doses of vanillin that exceed the amount you’d consumed when using normal amounts of vanilla extract or bean

For reference, the vanillin concentration in cured vanilla beans is 1–2%, while vanilla extract’s concentration is 0.1–0.2%. So, although vanillin likely offers some health benefits, it’s unclear whether it would deliver any significant benefits when consumed in typical amounts.

It should be noted that the demand for natural vanilla has skyrocketed amid decreasing vanilla orchid production. This has made the price of vanilla grow astronomically. In fact, natural vanilla can cost as much as $4,000 per kilogram (2.2 pounds). In comparison, synthetic vanillin costs just $15 per kilogram

Vanilla production from orchids is labor-intensive and typically involves hand pollination on small orchid farms. Thus, the shortage of natural vanilla and the growing demand for this product has sparked the need for alternatives to vanilla from orchids. While natural vanilla extract is composed of hundreds of compounds, including vanillin, synthetic vanilla only contains vanillin. For this reason, synthetic vanilla likely has different health effects than natural vanilla products like natural vanilla extract and vanilla bean.

2. May Offer Antioxidant Effects

Some of the compounds found in vanilla extract and beans have antioxidant effects, meaning they help protect against cell damage. For example, two of vanilla’s phenolic plant components, vanillin and vanillic acid, have been researched for their antioxidant potential. A 2020 test-tube study found that both vanillin and vanillic acid protected brain cells against oxidative stress. Of the two, vanillin was found to be more powerful. Furthermore, a 2021 study in aging rats observed that vanillin protected against liver damage and age-associated oxidative damage. Another 2011 study in rats showed that pretreatment with vanillin protected against induced liver injury.

While it’s clear that vanilla extract and vanilla beans contain substances that may offer antioxidant protection, it’s still unknown whether consuming normal amounts of vanilla would offer any antioxidant benefits to humans.

3. May Have Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Although inflammation is an essential part of a normal immune response, chronic inflammation has been linked to several health concerns, including increased chronic disease risk. Eating a diet high in foods and drinks that are rich in anti-inflammatory compounds may reduce inflammatory markers in your body and improve overall health. Promisingly, vanilla products contain substances shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects, including vanillin. A 2018 study that fed mice a high fat diet to promote obesity demonstrated how oral vanillin supplements reduced inflammatory markers like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in both blood and liver tissue. Another 2017 study in mice found that oral treatment with varying doses of vanillin reduced skin inflammation caused by psoriasis. Other rodent and test-tube studies have likewise found that vanillin protects against inflammation-related cell damage .

Still, there’s no evidence that consuming vanilla extract or beans reduces inflammatory markers or protects cells against inflammation-related damage in humans.

Finally, keep in mind that these studies used concentrated substances from vanilla products — not pure vanilla products.

Concentrated compounds from vanilla have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in rodent and test-tube studies. Human research is needed to assess whether vanilla extract or beans have the same effects.

4. May Benefit Brain Health

Some research suggests that certain compounds found in vanilla, including vanillin and vanillic acid, may support brain health. They may also have neuroprotective properties, meaning that they may protect your nervous system. For example, a 2021 study investigated the neuroprotective effects of vanillic acid among mice injected with a neurotoxin — a substance that can harm your nervous system. It found that vanillic acid injections protected against nerve cell inflammation, reduced markers related to Alzheimer’s disease, and lessened memory impairment caused by the neurotoxin. Other test-tube and animal studies have similarly demonstrated vanillin as a promising neuroprotective agent. Yet, there’s no evidence that a diet high in vanilla extract or vanilla bean promotes brain health or protects against cognitive decline in humans.

Limited evidence suggests that certain components of vanilla may have neuroprotective effects. However, it’s unclear how vanilla extract or bean products affect human brain health when consumed as part of a normal diet.

5. May Help Reduce Added Sugar Intake

Using vanilla extract or vanilla bean powder in foods and beverages could help reduce your added sugar intake. A 2020 study including 129 young adults found that adding vanilla aroma to sugary drinks enhanced their perceived sweetness. A 2021 study also demonstrated that flavoring a reduced-sugar yogurt with vanilla did not affect its perceived sweetness. Additionally, a 2020 study among 112 children showed that adding vanilla to milk-based desserts increased the overall liking of reduced-sugar options in over 80% of the participants. This suggests that adding vanilla to sweets may reduce the need for added sugar.

6. Highly Versatile

Because vanilla is called for in many recipes, including quick bread, cakes, cookies, granola, and more, most people have a bottle of vanilla extract in their kitchen. Plus, pure vanilla beans and vanilla bean powder — ground, whole vanilla beans — can be a unique and flavorful addition to many dishes. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pure vanilla extract must contain 13.35 ounces (378 grams) of vanilla beans per 1 gallon (3.78 L) of liquid.

If you’d like to use natural vanilla extract, look for products that contain only vanilla bean extract and alcohol. Note that pure extract is much more expensive than products that contain synthetic vanillin and additives like sugar and artificial flavors and colors. You can purchase pure vanilla extract, bean powder, and whole beans at most grocery stores and online.

The Bottom Line

Vanilla extract and products made from vanilla beans are popular flavoring agents.

Animal and test-tube studies suggest that specific compounds in vanilla extract and beans may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, to date, no studies have confirmed whether these benefits apply to humans eating pure vanilla in normal amounts. Thus, it’s unclear whether vanilla products could significantly affect your health. Regardless, using vanilla could help you cut back on added sugar. Vanilla extract, powder, and beans remain versatile ingredients to keep on hand in the kitchen.

Source : Here

Read More

11 Health Benefits of Black Pepper (Science Backed)

 

Black pepper is one of the most commonly used spices worldwide. It’s made by grinding peppercorns, which are dried berries from the vine Piper nigrum.It has a sharp and mildly spicy flavor that goes well with many dishes. But black pepper is more than just a kitchen staple. It has been deemed the “king of spices” and used in ancient Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years due to its high concentration of potent, beneficial plant compounds.

Here are 11 science-backed health benefits of black pepper.

1. High in antioxidants

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage your cells. Some free radicals are created naturally — such as when you exercise and digest food.

However, excessive free radicals can be formed with exposure to things like pollution, cigarette smoke, and sun rays. Excess free radical damage may lead to major health problems. For example, it has been linked to inflammation, premature aging, heart disease, and certain cancers. Black pepper is rich in a plant compound called piperine, which test-tube studies have found to have potent antioxidant properties. Studies suggest that a diet high in antioxidants may help prevent or delay the damaging effects of free radicals. Test-tube and rodent studies have observed that ground black pepper and piperine supplements may reduce free radical damage .

For instance, rats fed a high-fat diet plus either black pepper or a concentrated black pepper extract had significantly fewer markers of free radical damage in their cells after 10 weeks compared to rats fed a high-fat diet alone. Black pepper is rich in a potent antioxidant called piperine, which may help prevent free radical damage to your cells.

2. Has anti-inflammatory properties

Chronic inflammation may be an underlying factor in many conditions, such as arthritis, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Many laboratory studies suggest that piperine — the main active compound in black pepper — may effectively fight inflammation. For example, in studies in rats with arthritis, treatment with piperine resulted in less joint swelling and fewer blood markers of inflammation.

In mouse studies, piperine suppressed inflammation in the airways caused by asthma and seasonal allergies. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of black pepper and piperine have not yet been studied extensively in people. Black pepper contains an active compound that has been shown to decrease inflammation in animals. Still, it’s unclear whether it has the same effects in humans.

3. May benefit your brain

Piperine has been shown to improve brain function in animal studies. In particular, it has demonstrated potential benefits for symptoms related to degenerative brain conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. For example, a study in rats with Alzheimer’s disease found that piperine improved memory, as the distribution of piperine enabled the rats to repeatedly run a maze more efficiently than rats not given the compound . In another rodent study, piperine extract seemed to decrease the formation of amyloid plaques, which are dense clumps of damaging protein fragments in the brain that have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Yet, studies in humans are needed to confirm whether these effects are also seen outside animal studies. Black pepper extract has improved symptoms of degenerative brain diseases in animal studies, but studies in humans are needed to verify these results.

4. May improve blood sugar control

Studies suggest that piperine may help improve blood sugar metabolism. In one study, rats fed a black pepper extract had a smaller spike in blood sugar levels after consuming glucose compared to rats in the control group. Additionally, 86 overweight people taking a supplement containing piperine and other compounds for 8 weeks experienced significant improvements in insulin sensitivity — a measure of how well the hormone insulin removes glucose from the bloodstream. However, it’s unclear whether the same effects would occur with black pepper alone, as a combination of many active plant compounds was used in this study. Black pepper extract may improve blood sugar control, but more research is needed.

5. May lower cholesterol levels

High blood cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Black pepper extract has been studied in animals for its potential to reduce cholesterol levels. In one 42-day study, rats fed a high-fat diet and a black pepper extract had decreased blood cholesterol levels, including LDL (bad) cholesterol. The same effects were not seen in the control group . Additionally, black pepper and piperine are believed to boost the absorption of dietary supplements that have potential cholesterol-lowering effects like turmeric and red yeast rice. For example, studies have shown that black pepper may increase the absorption of the active component of turmeric — curcumin — by up to 2,000%. Still, more studies are needed to determine whether black pepper itself has significant cholesterol-lowering effects in humans. Black pepper has demonstrated cholesterol-lowering effects in rodent studies and is believed to boost the absorption of potential cholesterol-lowering supplements.

6. May have cancer-fighting properties

Researchers hypothesize that the active compound in black pepper, piperine, may have cancer-fighting properties . Though no human trials have been performed, test-tube studies found that piperine slowed the replication of breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells and induced cancer cell death. Another test-tube study screened 55 compounds from spices and observed that piperine from black pepper was the most effective at enhancing the efficacy of traditional treatment for triple-negative breast cancer, the most aggressive cancer type.

What’s more, piperine has shown promising effects in laboratory studies for reversing multidrug resistance in cancer cells — an issue that interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment. Though these results are promising, more studies are needed to understand the potential cancer

fighting properties of black pepper and piperine. Black pepper contains an active compound that has slowed the replication of cancer cells and induced cancer cell death in test-tube studies. However, these effects have not been studied in people.

7. Boosts absorption of nutrients

Black pepper may increase the absorption of essential nutrients like calcium and selenium, as well some beneficial plant compounds, such as those found in green tea and turmeric . May promote gut health. The makeup of your gut bacteria has been linked to immune function, mood, chronic diseases, and more. Preliminary research suggests that black pepper may increase the good bacteria in your gut.

8. May offer pain relief

Though it has yet to be studied in humans, studies in rodents suggest that the piperine in black pepper may be a natural pain reliever.

9. May reduce appetite

 In a small study, 16 adults reported reduced appetite after drinking a black-pepper-based beverage compared to flavored water. However, other studies did not show the same effects .

10. Black pepper increases the absorption of essential nutrients and beneficial plant compounds. According to preliminary research, it may also promote gut health, offer pain relief, and reduce appetite.

11. A versatile spice

Black pepper has become a kitchen staple in households worldwide. With its subtle heat and bold flavor, it’s versatile and can enhance almost any savory dish. A dash of ground black pepper can be a tasty seasoning for cooked vegetables, pasta dishes, meat, fish, poultry, and many more. It also pairs well with other healthful seasonings, including turmeric, cardamom, cumin, garlic, and lemon zest.

For an extra kick and a little crunch, try coating tofu, fish, chicken, and other proteins with coarsely ground peppercorns and additional seasonings. Black pepper has a subtle heat and a bold flavor that makes it a tasty addition to almost any dish.

The bottom line

Black pepper and its active compound piperine may have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Laboratory studies suggest that black pepper may improve cholesterol levels, blood sugar control, and brain and gut health. Despite these promising findings, more studies in humans are needed to better understand the exact health benefits of black pepper and its concentrated extracts. Regardless, this versatile flavor-enhancer is worth adding to your daily cooking routine, as its bold flavor is a great addition to almost any dish.

Source : Here

Read More

The Stories Behind 7 Most Popular Batik Designs

 

When you travel to Indonesia, chances are you’ll come across batik, one of the country’s most ancient art forms. Commonly found on fabric or cloth, batik patterns have also been incorporated into numerous handicrafts like handmade purses, coin bags, and even wooden bracelets!

If perceived through etymology, the word “batik” came from two Javanese words “amba”, which means broad, and the term “matik”, which means the making of dots. Hence, batik is a textile that uses wax and dyes to create dots widely arranged in stunning patterns and designs.

It’s impossible not to spot batik patterns on your visit to Indonesia. So here are the stories behind 7 most popular batik designs :

 1. Kawung: A Pattern of Areca Palm Trees

Developed in the 18th century, during the Yogyakarta Sultanate, kawung was considered a favorite among the royal families of the Sultanate. Its geometrical patterns represent the fruit of an areca palm tree. In Indonesian, these fruits are called kolang kaling, a delicacy mostly enjoyed during Ramadan. Legend has it that the royal family of Yogyakarta Sultanate loved kawung so much that only those having the royal bloodline were allowed to wear it.

2. Parang: A Symbol of Security

Another geometric batik pattern is parang, which has long, narrow symbols similar to a sword or the letter “S”. This sacred batik originated in the 16th century, in Central Java, during the reign of Sultan Agung of Mataram. It is said that Danang Sutawijaya, the son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan, created parang while observing a stretch of jagged rocks on the south coast. There’s also Indonesian folklore about a Javanese Prince named Panji, who was protected because he was wearing parang batik. This is why many Javanese people regard parang as a symbol of protection and security.

3. Sekar Jagad: An Expression of Love

Sekar jagad can be traced back to the 18th century. It got its name from the Dutch word “kar”, which means “a map”, and the Javanese term “jagad”, which means “the world”. The word sekar also means “flowers” in Indonesian. Hence, sekar jagad represents the beauty of Indonesia’s diversity. Conveying love and happiness, the fresh and vibrant colors of its floral patterns make it the perfect choice for the bride and groom dresses.

4. Truntum: A Gift from a Queen

Truntum, a popular type of batik from Solo, was created by Kanjeng Ratu Kencana, the daughter of Sunan Pakubuwana III. People believe that the Queen, saddened by the King’s infidelity, made these star patterns while gazing at the night sky. Impressed by the motif, the King admired his wife‘s diligence. His love for the Queen rekindled and he reconciled with her. This legend popularized truntum as a symbol of reawakened love, making it a favorite among brides and grooms.

5. Ulamsari Mas: A Symbol of Well-Being

Originating from Bali, Ulamsari mas illustrates vivid motifs with images of shrimp and fish. Fishing is one of the livelihoods of the Balinese people as the island is surrounded by rich marine life. Bali created this batik to show their appreciation of the island's natural resources of fish, seafood, and raw materials. Hence, Ulamsari mas patterns depict the livelihood and prosperity of the Balinese people.

6. Buketan: A Gorgeous Bouquet

Does the name sound familiar? It’s probably because the word “buketan” came from the Dutch word “boeket”, which means “bouquet” in English. Unlike the other types of batik mentioned above, buketan, developed in Pekalongan of Central Java, was heavily influenced by the Dutch as it was created by Eliza van Zuylen, a Dutch designer, who merged Javanese motifs with Art Nouveau patterns. It is said that she would arrange dried-flower cutouts on a piece of paper and transform them into batik patterns, creating an image of the actual bouquet.

According to the book Fabric of Enchantment, buketan’s original motif was that of an asymmetrical tree with birds. However, around 1910, it changed to a stunning bouquet.

 7. Lawang Sewu: A Thousand Doors

Even though Lawang Sewu is a popular landmark in Semarang, it is also a well-recognized type of batik. In Java, the term “lawang sewu” means “a thousand doors”. This type of batik was inspired by war, The Battle of Semarang or better known as Pertempuran Lima Hari (Five Days’ Battle) in Indonesian. This lasted from 15th October - 20th October 1945, between Semarang heroes and Japanese soldiers at Tugu Muda, near Lawang Sewu. This batik motif represents the famous landmark complemented with the symbols of nature, like flowers, butterflies, and trees.

Based on the simple method of wax-resist dyeing, batik is a traditional art with a special meaning behind each type of pattern. To this very day, Indonesians commemorate this iconic heritage every year on Batik Day on 2nd October. It marks a time to celebrate the beauty of batik, its origins, and the communities that have been crafting these patterns since ages.  

So, are you interested in collecting some beautiful batik??

Source : Here

Read More